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/* Introduction to EEG */
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= Introduction to EEG =
<center>'''EEGmaster'''</center>
[[File:Image.png|alt=EEGmaster logo|border|center|thumb|300x300px|EEGmaster Manual]]
<center>'''Lynn Liu, MD, MS and J. Craig Henry, MD'''</center><center>'''Copyright © 3/31/2026 EEGmaster.com'''</center>
<center>'''All Rights Reserved'''</center>
'''Preface'''
This primer is written as a brief introduction to EEG that can be read on the first day as someone is exposed to an EEG for the first time. It is not meant to be a comprehensive text. There are many textbooks available that go into much more detail. The goal is to review the principles of EEG and give examples of EEG findings encountered on a routine day of EEG reading. Therefore, subjects such as neonatal EEG and full treatment of EEG interictal and ictal patterns are not included.
[[EEGmaster Curriculum]]
[[Rapid EEG]]
[[Peds EEG]]
[[Peds EEG2]]
'''''It is easy to read EEG, but difficult to read EEG well.'''''
'''For Neurology Residents:'''
These are the Neurology Residency Milestones for EEG.
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Level'''
|'''Description'''
|-
|'''Level 1'''
|Identifies patients for whom EEG is appropriate
|-
|'''Level 2'''
|Recognizes normal EEG features, including common artifacts, in children and adults
|-
|'''Level 3'''
|Recognizes patterns of status epilepticus, normal EEG variants, and common abnormalities in children and adults
|-
|'''Level 4'''
|Interprets common EEG abnormalities and patterns that could represent status epilepticus
|-
|'''Level 5'''
|Interprets uncommon EEG abnormalities and creates a report
|}
'''“Must Know” EEG findings for Adult and Child Neurology Residents'''
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Normal findings'''
|'''Normal variants'''
|'''Abnormal findings'''
|-
|Awake, adult PDR
|Wickets
|Generalized epileptiform discharge, 3 Hz
|-
|Awake, pediatric PDR
|Hyperventilation-induced slowing
|Generalized epileptiform discharge, 3–5 Hz polyspike
|-
|Drowsiness, slowing of PDR
|Small sharp spikes
|Focal seizure
|-
|Stage 2 sleep, sleep spindles
|Breach
|Focal epileptiform discharge, spike
|-
|Stage 2 sleep, K complexes
|Rhythmic mid-temporal theta of drowsiness
|Focal epileptiform discharge, sharp
|-
|Drowsiness, diffuse irregular delta-theta slowing of background
|Hypnopompic hypersynchrony
|Generalized seizure, absence
|-
|Stage 1/2 sleep, vertex waves
|Hypnagogic hypersynchrony
|Generalized epileptiform discharge, <2.5 Hz
|-
|Drowsiness, slow roving lateral eye movements
|Photic driving
|Focal epileptiform polyspike
|-
|Stage 1/2 sleep, POSTS
|Mu rhythm
|Generalized seizure, tonic
|-
|Stage 3 sleep, diffuse irregular delta slowing
|Posterior slow waves of youth
|Infantile spasm
|-
|REM sleep, erratic eye movements
|Photomyogenic response
|Hypsarrhythmia
|-
|REM sleep, sawtooth waves
|Lambda waves
|Focal irregular/polymorphic slowing
|-
|
|Temporal slowing of the elderly
|Focal regular/rhythmic slowing
|-
|'''Artifacts'''
|Slow alpha variant
|Diffuse irregular/polymorphic slowing
|-
|EKG
|6 Hz phantom spikes
|Diffuse regular/rhythmic slowing
|-
|Eye blinks
|Frontal arousal rhythm
|Abnormal PDR, slow for age
|-
|Electrode pop
|14- and 6-Hz positive spikes
|Abnormal PDR, asymmetric
|-
|Myogenic
|Increased frontal beta activity
|Asymmetric sleep spindles
|-
|Eye fluttering
|Subclinical rhythmic electrographic discharges in adults
|
|-
|Lateral eye movements
|Fast alpha variant
|
|-
|60/50-Hz artifact
|Midline central theta (Ciganek rhythm)
|
|-
|Pulse
|Occipital needle-like spikes of blindness
|
|-
|Lateral rectus spikes
|Slow fused transient
|
|-
|Chewing/bruxism
|Fronto-central rhythm (texting rhythm)
|
|-
|Sweat
|
|
|-
|Glossokinetic
|
|
|-
|Nystagmus
|
|
|-
|Respiration/breathing
|
|
|}
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